De caballos y conejos: el primer intento de crear una escuela de veterinaria en Barcelona (1888-1890) / Of horses and rabbits: a first attempt to create a veterinary school in barcelona (1888-1890)

Las primeras escuelas de veterinaria en Europa se establecieron en el siglo XVIII. En España, este proceso se inició en 1793 con la apertura de la escuela de Madrid, seguida de otras instituciones similares fundadas en el siglo XIX. La creación de la primera Facultad de Veterinaria en Cataluña tuvo lugar en 1982. Hasta entonces, la organización en Barcelona de un centro que ofertara esos estudios se había convertido en un tema de interés recurrente. Esta investigación analiza, desde una perspectiva local, el proyecto que se gestó en 1888 para trasladar la escuela de Santiago de Compostela a la capital catalana. La propuesta, que recibió importantes apoyos entre la sociedad civil e instituciones públicas de la ciudad, se caracterizó por el énfasis que puso en una educación que no se focalizara únicamente en los animales grandes. Por primera vez en España, las demandas de la producción animal intensiva, como la avicultura o cunicultura que comenzaban a proliferar en Cataluña, se contemplaron como eje esencial de la formación del veterinario. Una modificación programática de envergadura para una escuela que, por las novedades que introducía, se asoció con el epíteto «modelo» en la documentación examinada.(AU)

The first veterinary schools in Europe were established in the eighteenth century. In Spain, this process began in 1793 with the opening of the Madrid veterinary school, followed by other similar institutions founded in the 19th century. The creation of the first Veterinary Faculty in Catalonia took place in 1982. Until then, the creation of a center that would offer these kind of studies had become a recurring topic of interest in Barcelona. This article analyzes, from a local perspective, the project that was conceived in 1888 to transfer the school from Santiago de Compostela to the Catalan capital. The proposal received strong support from civil society and public institutions in the city. It was characterized by the emphasis it placed on an education that did not focus solely on large animals. For the first time in Spain, the demands of intensive animal production, such as poultry or rabbit farming that were beginning to proliferate in Catalonia, were seen as an essential part of veterinary training. This represented a major programmatic modification for a school that, due to the new features it introduced, was labelled “model” in the documentation examined.(AU)

Francesc Darder y el inicio de la veterinaria de pequeños animales y especies exóticas en Barcelona a finales del siglo XIX / No disponible

Esta investigación se centra en la aproximación del veterinario Francesc Darder (1851-1918) a la clínica de pequeños animales en la Barcelona de la década de 1880. Se analizan los factores sociales, económicos e ideológicos que favorecieron que un sector creciente de la población comenzara a compartir su espacio doméstico con unos seres cuyo único propósito podía ser el de proporcionar placer o compañía a sus cuidadores. Esa transformación generó una demanda de cuidados especializados para un tipo de clientela insólita según los parámetros veterinarios del momento. Darder, condicionado por su notoria actividad comercial como intermediario en la compraventa animal, supo satisfacer esas necesidades ejerciendo como un clínico de gran perspicacia sobre mascotas y otros animales de tamaño pequeño. El presente trabajo examina su pionera labor médico-sanitaria en el terreno de las ideas y en el práctico, incorporando en sus procedimientos metodológicos novedades científicas y técnicas que, como la microscopía, concentró en un espacio específico que denominó laboratorio. La práctica profesional iniciada por Darder no tuvo parangón en la España de finales de la centuria decimonona. Era una idea que apenas se podía vislumbrar y nada hacía pensar todavía que poco más de un siglo después mascotas o microscopios constituyeran dos elementos arquetípicos asociados a la figura del veterinario

No disponible

[Trichinae, pigs and veterinary public health: The introduction of the microscopic world into the scientific basis for meat inspection (Barcelona, 1870s)]. / Triquinas, cerdos y salud pública veterinaria: la inclusión del mundo microscópico en la base científica de la inspección cárnica (Barcelona, 1870s).

During the second half of the 19th century, Spanish authorities began developing specific programs on the safety of certain foods intended for human consumption. This paper analyses the key features that gave rise to the inclusion of the veterinarian in the administrative structure responsible for safeguarding public health. Among the aspects covered, special focus is put on the relationship between human and animal medicine at a time when growing public alarm in relation to certain zoonoses contributed to shaping the notion of veterinary public health. The appearance of a disease in pigs that was transmissible through the consumption of parasitized meat set the scene for veterinary inspection to be associated with the protection of public health. The outbreaks of trichinosis all over Spain in the 1870's proved the existence of contagium animatum in a pre-bacteriology era, and this led to the introduction of improvements in food inspection. In this sense, microscopic examination of pork products encouraged the modernization of inspection tasks undertaken by veterinarians, which had previously focused on the organoleptic evaluation of meat and fish and on unveiling fraud. The introduction of microscopes was widely accepted and established a watershed between acceptable and unacceptable methods of carrying out the examination of meat. Furthermore, this "technological" method of diagnosis brought veterinary medicine closer to other more prestigious health professions, at least in theory. Among other aspects, the acceptance of trichinae as an exogenous cause of disease contributed to 19th century doctors learning about the idea of pathogenic microorganisms from veterinarians. At a social level, the use of the microscope was seen as a way of preventing the transmission to people of an animal disease that was very much in the public eye at the time. From the political point of view, the process -analysed in this paper from the perspective of veterinarians in Barcelona- allows a glimpse of the contrast between the desire of some Catalan veterinarians to modernize their profession and what was happening in others parts of Spain.

Triquinas, cerdos y salud pública veterinaria: la inclusión del mundo microscópico en la base científica de la inspección cárnica (Barcelona, 1870s) / Trichinae, pigs and veterinary public health: The introduction of the microscopic world into the scientific basis for meat inspection (Barcelona, 1870s)

Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX las autoridades españolas comenzaron a desarrollar programas específicos sobre la seguridad de algunos alimentos destinados al consumo humano. Este trabajo analiza las claves que propiciaron la inclusión del veterinario como parte integrante de la estructura administrativa encargada de salvaguardar la salud pública. Entre los aspectos tratados, se ha profundizado en las relaciones entre las medicinas humana y animal en un momento en que la alarma social originada por algunas zoonosis contribuyó a configurar la noción de una salud púbica veterinaria. La aparición de una enfermedad en el ganado porcino transmisible por el consumo de carne parasitada conformó un escenario favorable para equiparar inspección veterinaria con garantía sanitaria. Los brotes de triquinosis que salpicaron la geografía española en la década de 1870 evidenciaron la existencia de un contagio animado en una época prebacterilógica e impulsaron la introducción de mejoras en la inspección alimentaria. En este sentido, la indagación microscópica de los productos de origen porcino imprimió un impulso modernizador a la labor inspectora de los veterinarios, más centrada hasta entonces en vigilar las características organolépticas de carnes y pescados y en advertir fraudes. La introducción del microscopio contó con una aceptación generalizada y marcó una barrera entre las formas válidas e inválidas de realizar el reconocimiento de las carnes. Además, esa manera de diagnosticar aproximaba la veterinaria a otras profesiones sanitarias de mayor prestigio al menos en el plano teórico. Entre otras cosas, la aceptación de la triquina como causa exógena de enfermedad contribuyó a que algunos médicos decimonónicos se familiarizasen con la doctrina explicativa del contagio de la mano de los veterinarios. A nivel social, el uso de este instrumento debería prevenir la transmisión al hombre de una enfermedad animal que estaba de actualidad. Y desde el punto de vista político, este proceso, analizado en el presente trabajo desde la óptica barcelonesa, nos deja entrever un contraste entre el afán modernizador de algunos veterinarios catalanes frente a lo que ocurría en otras partes de España (AU)

During the second half of the 19 th century, Spanish authorities began developing specific programs on the safety of certain foods intended for human consumption. This paper analyses the key features that gave rise to the inclusion of the veterinarian in the administrative structure responsible for safeguarding public health. Among the aspects covered, special focus is put on the relationship between human and animal medicine at a time when growing public alarm in relation to certain zoonoses contributed to shaping the notion of veterinary public health. The appearance of a disease in pigs that was transmissible through the consumption of parasitized meat set the scene for veterinary inspection to be associated with the protection of public health. The outbreaks of trichinosis all over Spain in the 1870´s proved the existence of contagium animatum in a pre-bacterioloty era, and this led to the introduction of improvements in food inspection. In this sense, microscopic examination of pork products encouraged the modernization of inspection tasks undertaken by veterinarians, which had previously focuses on the organoleptic evaluation of meat and fish and on unveiling fraud. The introduction of microscopes was widely accepted and established a watershed between acceptable and unacceptable methods of carrying out the examination of meat. Furthermore, this technological method of diagnosis brought veterinary medicine closer to other more prestigious health professions, at least in theory. Among other aspects, the acceptance of trichinae as an exogenous cause of disease contributed to 19th century doctors learning about the idea of pathogenic microorganisms form veterinarians. At a social level, the use of the microscope was seen as a way of preventing the transmission to people of an animal disease that was very much in the public eye at the time. From the political point of view, the process, analysed in this paper from the perspective of veterinarians in Barcelona- allows a glimpse of the contrast between the desire of some Catalan veterinarians to modernize their profession and what was happening in others parts of Spain (AU)

Ciencia y exclusión: el desplazamiento de los albéitares de la veterinaria a través de la prensa especializada en el cuidado animal (1853-1855) / Science and social exclusion: the displacement of albéitares from veterinary medicine as seen through the specialized press on animal care (1853-1855)

Las intenciones monopolistas de los veterinarios españoles a mediados del siglo XIX tuvieron un importante escollo en la existencia de los albéitares. Los veterinarios justificaron sus aspiraciones por ejercer una función preferente sobre el cuidado animal por la posesión de amplios conocimientos teóricos y de unas capacidades intelectuales abstractas que debían repercutir en una mejora de la praxis veterinaria. La retórica científica era acorde con el clima intelectual de la época, pero no se correspondió con un cambio de hábitos de los clientes ni con el apoyo de los poderes públicos, lo que forzó la búsqueda de otras vías de legitimación social. El presente artículo analiza las dinámicas de inclusión-exclusión que se produjeron en torno al proceso de monopolización de los saberes y de las prácticas veterinarias a mediados del siglo XIX en España. Las estrategias desplegadas por ambos grupos ocupacionales a través de la prensa veterinaria nos ofrecen una perspectiva original: la que se deriva del enfrentamiento entre dos figuras reconocidas legalmente para ejercer la misma función. Sobre la base de esta dicotomía, se estableció una pugna por definir el modelo de relación entre aquellos que pretendían desempeñar un papel rector en la medicina animal y los que, por su mejor encaje en la sociedad de esa época, defendían el mantenimiento de sus formas de vida tradicionales. Los primeros cambios efectivos en la organización de la actividad asistencial no vinieron refrendados por la aceptación social ni por las preferencias de los clientes, sino que estuvieron determinados por postulados estrictamente reglamentarios (AU)

The monopolist intentions of the Spanish veterinarians in the mid-19th century confronted a major obstacle in the existence of albéitares. Veterinarians based their claim to be responsible for animal care on their possession of a broad theoretical knowledge and abstract intellectual capacities, which would supposedly lead to an improvement in veterinarian practice. The scientific rhetoric matched the intellectual climate of the time, but there were no corresponding changes in the habits of clients or in the position of public authorities, forcing veterinarians to seek other routes of social legitimization. This paper analyzes the inclusion-exclusion dynamics around the process of monopolization of veterinarian knowledge and practice in the mid-19th century in Spain. The strategies adopted by the two occupational groups in veterinarian publications offer an original perspective on the confrontation between two entities legally recognized to exert the same function. Based on this dichotomy, a struggle arose to define the model of the relationship between those who intended to play a guiding role in animal medicine and those who, due to their greater integration in the society of the time, defended the preservation of their conventional lifestyle. The first effective changes in the organization of care activity were not supported by social acceptance or by client preferences but were rather determined by strictly regulatory postulates

Meat as a vector of transmission of bovine tuberculosis to humans in Spain: a historical perspective.

If we consult current treatises that address tuberculosis infection by Mycobacterium bovis, we find that they neglect meat or accord it very little importance as a vector of transmission of tuberculosis to humans. However, several decades ago, the books of Veterinary Inspection concerning food dedicated numerous pages to tuberculosis in meat and the seizure of consumptive animals. The criteria or attitudes concerning meat from tuberculosis-infected animals have fluctuated over time, from rigorous extremes that, on one hand, required the seizure and destruction of the food products obtained from infected animals from a strictly hygienic measure, to other more practical considerations applying economic arguments, and which accepted the conditional use of these products due to the universal shortage of animal proteins. Consequently, the use or non-use of meat from animals infected with tuberculosis became one of the questions that prompted the greatest concern amongst researches and technicians. It is for these reasons that this paper addresses the history of meat as a vehicle of zoonotic transmission, highlighting its importance and repercussions on health inspections of meat in abattoirs.

Milk as a vector of transmission of bovine tuberculosis to humans in Spain: a historical perspective.

As was the case with meat, the detection of the tuberculosis bacterium in cattle resulted in the attribution of an important role to milk in human tuberculosis infection. However, the case of milk had a more serious impact with graver consequences than did meat. In effect, milk was the principal foodstuff by means of which tuberculosis was passed from cattle to humans-indeed it could be said that it was the only effective vector that carried the bovine bacterium to the human organism. In light of this information, this article makes the case that milk acted as the most common means of transmission of bovine tuberculosis to humans, taking particular note of the problem of the hygienic milk supply in Spain.